Ngaphambi kokuthi siqale ukuhlolwa kwezakhiwo zemishini yeukubunjwa kwensimbi, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwetheminali yekhwalithi yokusakaza kuyindawo yokugcina kuphela yokuvimbela ukulingisa okungafanelekile ukuthi kungaphumi efekthri. Isihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokulingisa silele ekuthuthukiseni ukuqwashisa ngekhwalithi kwabo bonke abasebenzi ebhizinisini, ukuqinisa ukugadwa kwekhwalithi nokuphatha kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza, ukusimamisa inqubo yokukhiqiza, ukuhlela ukukhiqizwa okuphucuzekile, nokwamukela ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bokukhiqiza kanye nemishini. ngokusemandleni, ifakwe ezanele Izindlela zokuhlola eziphumelelayo zekhwalithi yokucubungula kanye nekhwalithi yokugcina yokulingisa.
Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza komshini okuvamile Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza komshini okuvamile kwenziwa ekamelweni lokushisa. Izinto zokuhlola ngokuvamile zihlanganisa amandla aqinile, amandla esivuno, ubude ngemva kokuphuka, ukuncishiswa kwendawo, ukuchezuka, nokumuncwa komthelela (noma ukuqina komthelela) nobulukhuni. Amandla aqinile, amandla okukhiqiza, ubude ngemva kokuphuka, nokuncipha kwendawo kukalwa emshinini wokuhlola oqinile; ukumuncwa komthelela noma ukuqina komthelela kukalwa emshinini wokuhlola umthelela; ukuchezuka namandla okugoba kukalwa ngezindlela zokuhlola ukugoba; ubulukhuni bulinganiswa ngezinhlobo zokuhlola ubulukhuni.
1. I-Tensile Test
Izibonelo eziqinile zeinsimbi empungaenziwa ngomshini ngamabha okuhlola ama-cylindrical single cast noma amabha okuhlola anamathiselwe. Ububanzi bebha yokuhlola yokulingisa eyodwa bungama-30 mm, futhi buthelwa ngeqoqwana elifanayo nokusakazwa kusikhunta sesihlabathi esomile esimile sokuphonsa. Ububanzi besigaba esihambisanayo buyi-20 mm ± 0.5mm. Lapho amandla okugoba nokuchezuka kusetshenziswa njengezimo zokwamukela izakhiwo zemishini yokuphonsa, ukuhlolwa kokugoba kungenziwa, futhi isampula yokugoba yamukela ngokuqondile ibha yokuhlola engenalutho njenge-cast enobubanzi obungu-30mm±1mm. Umumo, usayizi kanye nekhwalithi yobuso besampula yokuhlola eqinile, izibonelo zokuhlola ezigobayo kanye nemigoqo yokuhlola engenalutho, izindlela zokuhlola eziqinile nezindlela zokugoba, izidingo zobuchwepheshe zomshini wokuhlola, ukubala nokucutshungulwa kwemiphumela yokulinganisa konke kuzohambisana namazinga embonini. .
Izindlela zokuhlola eziqinile zezinye izinsimbi ezisansimbi nama-alloys (okuhlanganisa ukukalwa kosayizi wezibonelo eziqinile, izindlela zokubopha, amanani okuhlola, izindlela zokulinganisa ukusebenza, kanye nokufinyezwa nokucutshungulwa kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa, njll.), nezinhlobo nezigaba eziphambanayo zezibonelo eziqinile. Umumo, ubude begeji, usayizi, nekhwalithi yendawo kufanele ihlangabezane nezidingo ze-GBT228 "Indlela Yokuhlola I-Metallic Material Tensile At Room Temperature". Isampula ayivunyelwe ukuthi ibe nokulimala komshini, imifantu, amamaki ommese anqamulayo abalulekile, ukuwohloka okusobala nokunye ukukhubazeka okubonakalayo. Isihlabathi esinamathelayo, amaphiko, ama-burrs nokunye okunenyama okunesici nokunamathela ebusweni besampula kufanele kususwe. Izibonelo ze-tensile zingasikwa kubhulokhi yokuhlola yabalingisi oyedwa, ibhulokhi yokuhlola yabalingisi enamathiselwe noma umzimba wokulingisa. Uhlobo, umumo nosayizi webhulokhi yokuhlola yokuphonsa okukodwa kanye nebhulokhi yokuhlola yokuphonsa enamathiselwe, indawo esikiwe kanye nesiqondiso sesampula esiqinile, indlela yokuxhuma kanye nendawo yokuxhuma yebhulokhi yokuhlola enamathiselwe kanye nomzimba wokuphonsa, kuzokhethwa noma kuvunyelwane ngakho umphakeli. kanye nomthengi ngokwezinga lokusakaza elihambisanayo . Uma ukubunjwa kudinga ukwelashwa kokushisa, ibhulokhi yokuhlola yokulingisa eyodwa kufanele iphathwe ukushisa esithandweni esifanayo nokufaka ukusakaza, futhi ibhulokhi yokuhlola enamathiselwe kufanele inqanyulwe ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa. Izibonelo eziqinile zezinto eziqinile neziqinile njengensimbi ekhonjiwe emhlophe zingaba izibonelo eziyisilinda, noma izibonelo eziqinile ezishunqiwe futhi zacutshungulwa ngomshini nokushisa eziphathwe esithandweni esifanayo sokubunjwa. Umumo wesampula, usayizi, izidingo zobuchwepheshe kanye nokucaciswa kokwelashwa kokushisa okuzoxoxwa ngazo zombili izinhlangothi.
2. Ukuhlolwa Komthelela
Ukuhlolwa komthelela kusetshenziselwa ukunquma amandla okumunca umthelela lapho isampula yomthelela yephulwa ngaphansi komthelela wesibili womthelela. Umshini wokuhlola umthelela kufanele uhlangabezane nezimfuneko ze-GB/T3808-2002 "Ukuhlolwa Kwemishini Yokuhlola I-Pendulum Impact" futhi kufanele uqinisekiswe ngezikhathi ezithile umnyango kazwelonke we-metrology. Amasampula omthelela ahlukaniswe abe amasampuli womthelela we-V-notch, amasampuli womthelela we-U-notch kanye namasampuli womthelela we-non-notch. Insimbi empunga ithatha ama-specimens we-cylindrical effect angaqashiwe, enziwa ngomshini kusuka kumabha okuhlola angenalutho anobubanzi obungu-30mm. Isikali esijwayelekile singama-420mm×120mm. Indlela yokusakaza yebha yokuhlola engenalutho, izidingo zobuchwepheshe zesampula yomthelela, imingcele yobuchwepheshe yomshini wokuhlola umthelela, izimo zokuhlola nezindlela kufanele zihlangabezane nezidingo ze-GB6296-1986 "Indlela Yokuhlola Impact Ye-Grey Cast Iron". Amasampula omthelela wezinto eziqinile neziqinile njengensimbi ewugqinsi emhlophe angakwazi ukuqoshwa njengamasampula angenalutho, noma amasampula angaqashiwe akhishwe futhi acutshungulwa ngomshini nokushisa aphathwe esithandweni esifanayo ngokusakazwa. Umumo, usayizi kanye nezidingo zobuchwepheshe zesampula kunqunywa ukunikezwa nokufunwa. Ezinye izinsimbi ezisansimbi nama-alloy amasampula omthelela amise okuka-U (evame ukusetshenziselwa izinsimbi ezisansimbi nama-alloys anokuzwela kwenotshi enkulu) noma izibonelo zomthelela ezimise okuka-V zisetshenziswa njengesampula yesiteleka.
Izibonelo zomthelela ezimise okume oku-U noma oku-V zingathathwa kumabhulokhi wokuhlola we-single-cast (izinduku), amabhulokhi okuhlola anamathiselwe (izinduku) noma imizimba yokulingisa. Indawo yesampula nesiqondiso, uhlobo, umumo, usayizi kanye nendlela yokuphonsa yebhulokhi yokuhlola yokuphonsa eyodwa (induku) kanye nebhulokhi yokuhlola yokuphonsa enamathiselwe (induku), kanye nendlela yokuxhuma nendawo yokuxhumana yebhulokhi yokuhlola enamathiselwe (induku) kanye nokusakaza. umzimba uzosuselwa kumaqembu anikezelayo kanye nesidingo Amazinga okusakaza ahambisanayo akhethiwe noma okuvunyelwana ngawo. Ngokusakazwa okudinga ukwelashwa ngokushisa, ibhulokhi yokuhlola enamathiselwe izonqanyulwa ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa, futhi ibhulokhi yokuhlola ye-cast eyodwa (ibha) izophathwa ngokushisisa esithandweni esifanayo sokuphonsa. Usayizi ojwayelekile wesampula yenotshi emise okuka-V emise okwe-U ingu-10mm × 10mm × 50mm, kanti inothi elincane ukujula: inotshi emise okwe-V ingu-2 mm; Ukujula kwenotshi emise okwe-U kungu-2mm no-5mm. Ukubekezelelwa kobukhulu, ubulukhuni obungaphezulu kanye nezinye izimo zobuchwepheshe zezibonelo zokuhlolwa komthelela ongabonwa, izimo, izindlela kanye nokwelashwa kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa komthelela kuzohambisana ne-GB/T229-2007 "I-Charpy Pendulum Impact Test Method for Metallic Materials" ukusebenza kwezifanekiso zomthelela ezisikwe kubhulokhi yokuhlola yokuphonsa eyodwa (induku) kanye nebhulokhi yokuhlola yokuphonsa enamathiselwe (induku) kufanele ihlangabezane nezimfuneko kwezinga elihambisanayo lokusakaza noma inkontileka ye-oda. Izidingo zokusebenza komthelela zesampula yomzimba kuzoxoxwa ngazo umphakeli kanye nomthengi ngokuya ngezinga lokusakaza elihambisanayo.
3. Ukuhlolwa kokuqina
Kunezindlela ezimbili ezijwayelekile zokunquma ubulukhuni bokubunjwa: Indlela ye-Brinell hardness (HB) kanye nendlela ye-Rockwell hardness (HRC). Ama-alloys okusansimbi aqinile futhi aphukayo ngokuvamile akalwa ngendlela ye-Rockwell yobulukhuni, futhi amanye ama-alloy okuphonsa ngokuvamile akalwa ngendlela ye-Brinell yobulukhuni. Kuma-alloys acijile anesakhiwo se-metallographic esifana nensimbi, kunobudlelwano obuthile bokuguqulwa phakathi kokuqina kwe-Rockwell, ubulukhuni be-Brinell namandla aqinile. Bheka ku-GB/T112-199 "I-Ferrous Metal Hardness and Strength Conversion Value" kanye ne-GB /T3771-1983 "Ukuqina kwe-alloy yethusi kanye nenani lokuguqulwa kwamandla".
Indlela yokuqina ye-Brinell isebenzisa ibhola le-carbide elisimende elinobubanzi obuthile ukuze liyicindezele ebusweni besampula ngamandla okuhlola ahambisanayo. Ngemva kwesikhathi esishiwo sokubamba, susa amandla okuhlola, ulinganise ububanzi bokuhlehlisa ebusweni besampula, bese uhlukanisa amandla okuhlola ngamandla okuhlola. I-quotient etholwe endaweni eyindilinga ye-indent imelela inani lobulukhuni be-Brinell, futhi uphawu luyi-HBW, olufanele izinto ezinenani lokuqina le-Brinell elingaphansi noma elilingana no-650. Amathuluzi, amasampula, izindlela zokuhlola nemiphumela yokuhlolwa. yokuhlolwa kokuqina kwe-Brinell kuzohambisana ne-GBT231.1-2002 "I-Metal Brinell Hardness Ingxenye I: "Indlela Yokuhlola". Ukuhlolwa kokuqina kwe-brinell kungenziwa kuma-specimens aqinile, izibonelo zomthelela, ukulingwa noma amabhulokhi okuhlola ubulukhuni obukhethekile kufanele bushelelezi futhi bube flat, indawo yokuhlola kufanele ihlangabezane nezidingo zezinga elihambisanayo lokulingisa noma kuxoxiswane naye umphakeli kanye nomthengi Indlela yokuqina ye-Rockwell iwukucindezela i-indenter yekhoni yedayimane noma i-indenter yebhola yensimbi ebusweni besampula ngaphansi kwesenzo se-diamond cone. umthwalo wokuqala kanye nomthwalo ophelele (okulingana nomthwalo wokuqala kanye nomthwalo omkhulu), bese ususa umthwalo omkhulu, futhi ulinganise ekulayisheni kokuqala. Ukujula kokuhlehlisa ngaphansi komthwalo kukhulisa inani lika-e, futhi inani lika-e lisetshenziselwa ukubala ubulukhuni be-Rockwell.
Ukuqina kwe-Rockwell kuyahlukahluka kuye ngesilinganiso esisetshenzisiwe. Izikali ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-HRA, HRB kanye ne-HRC. I-HRB isebenzisa i-indenter yebhola yensimbi enobulukhuni value=130-c; I-HRA ne-HRC zisebenzisa i-indenter yekhoni yedayimane enobulukhuni inani=100-e. Umthwalo oyinhloko we-HRA ngu-490.3 N, futhi ububanzi bokulinganisa bungu-60~85 HRA; umthwalo omkhulu we-HRC ngu-1373 N, futhi ububanzi bokulinganisa bungu-20~67 HRC. Amathuluzi, izifanekiso, izimo zokuhlola nezindlela zokuhlola ezisetshenziswe ekuhlolweni kokuqina kwe-Rockwell, kanye nokwelashwa kwemiphumela yokuhlolwa kuzohambisana ne-GB/T 230.1-2004 "Metal Rockwell Hardness Part 1: Test Method (A, B, C , D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T Scale)". Ukukhethwa kwesifanekiso, indawo yokuhlolwa kanye nezidingo zobuchwepheshe zendawo yokuhlola yokuhlolwa kokuqina kwe-Rockwell kuyafana nalezo zokuhlolwa kokuqina kwe-Brinell.
Ngaphezu kokuqina kwe-Brinell kanye nobulukhuni be-Rockwell, ubulukhuni bezinsimbi bungaphinde bumelwe yi-Shore Hardness (HS) kanye ne-Vickers Hardness (HV). Ukukala ubulukhuni bensimbi be-Shore kufanele kuhlangabezane nezidingo ze-GB/T4341-2001 "Metal Shore Hardness Method". Ukunqunywa kokuqina kwezinsimbi ze-Vickers kufanele kuhlangabezane nezidingo ze-GB/T4340.1-1999 "Metal Vickers Hardness Test Ingxenye 1: Indlela Yokuhlola". Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zabahloli bokuqina kufanele ziqinisekiswe ngezikhathi ezithile wumnyango kazwelonke we-metrology ngokuvumelana namazinga afanelekile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-27-2021