Ukuhlolwa kweRadiographic of Castings

Ukuhlolwa kweRadiographic of Castings

 

1. Isimiso esiyisisekelo se-radiography

Enqubweni yokungena ekusakazeni, i-X-ray noma i-γ-ray isebenzisana nento, futhi ukuqina kwayo kuncishiswa ukumuncwa nokuhlakazeka. Izithombe ezinamadigri ahlukene obumnyama ahambisana nesakhiwo sangaphakathi kanye namaphutha ezinto ezibonakalayo zingatholakala kufilimu yezithombe. Ubunjalo besici buhlungwa ngezici ezifana nokuma, ubuningi, ubukhulu, umumo, ukusatshalaliswa kanye nobumnyama besithombe, bese kuthi iphutha lihlukaniswe futhi likalwe ngokwesimo, ubukhulu kanye nenani lesici. Ngale ndlela, singakwazi ukwazi uhlobo nobukhulu beziphambeko zangaphakathi zokulingisa.

 

2. Ukuzwela Kwe-Radiographic kanye Nekhwalithi Yesithombe

I-Radiographic sensitivity isho ikhono lokuthola amaphutha amancane ekulingisini. Ngenxa yethonya lemvelo, indawo, umumo, ubuningi, usayizi nezinye izici zokukhubazeka ekulingiseni, ukuzwela kokutholwa kwamaphutha phakathi nenqubo yesithombe kunqunywa ikhwalithi yesithombe sesithombe. Imitha yekhwalithi yesithombe (okunye eyaziwa ngokuthi i-penetrometer) iyinkomba. Yenziwe ngento efanayo ene-coefficient yokunciphisa efanayo njengokusakaza. Amamitha wekhwalithi yesithombe ajwayelekile amamitha ekhwalithi yesithombe sohlobo lwentambo, amamitha wekhwalithi yesithombe sohlobo lwembobo kanye namamitha ekhwalithi yesithombe sohlobo lwe-slot. Umugqa (imbobo, umsele) ububanzi bemitha yekhwalithi yesithombe umelwe inkomba yekhwalithi yesithombe. Uma likhulu inani lenkomba, ikhwalithi yesithombe iba mbi kakhulu. Ngale ndlela, ukuzwela kokutholwa kwamaphutha e-radiographic kungavezwa ngokungaqondile inkomba yekhwalithi yesithombe. Imitha yekhwalithi yesithombe iyithuluzi lokulinganisa ikhwalithi yesithombe, ayimeli usayizi wangempela weziphambeko ngaphakathi kokulingisa okungatholwa.

 

3. Izindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe ezivame ukusetshenziswa zokuhlolwa kwe-radiographic.

Ifilimu ye-radiographic ye-ASTM iyindinganiso yamanje eyaziwa emhlabeni jikelele.

 

4. Izici zokuhlolwa kwe-Radiographic

I-1) Inzuzo enkulu yokuhlolwa kwe-radiographic ukuthi kunengqondo futhi kulula ukwahlulela uhlobo lokukhubazeka. Amaphutha angaphakathi ekulingiseni angabonwa efilimini inqobo nje uma engaphakathi kwebanga lokuzwela kwezithombe.

I-2) Ukuhlolwa kwe-Radiographic kunokuzwela okuphezulu kokutholwa kokukhubazeka kwe-volumetric (njengama-pores, imigodi eyanciphayo, i-shrinkage porosity, ukufakwa kwesihlabathi, nokufakwa kwe-slag); inokuzwela okuthile kokukhubazeka kwe-planar (okufana nokuqhekeka, ukuntuleka kokuhlanganiswa, njll.). Kodwa-ke, uma ubukhulu bokubunjwa bungaphezu kuka-40mm, kunzima ukuthola amaphutha afana nokushwabana kwendawo enkulu ekuhlolweni kwe-radiographic, futhi ukuzwela kokutholwa kwama-micro-cracks nakho kuphansi.

3) Izithombe zingafakwa kungobo yomlando futhi zigcinwe isikhathi eside ukuze zisetshenziswe kamuva futhi zihlolwe kabusha.

I-4) Ukuhlolwa kwe-Radiographic kudinga amathuluzi akhethekile namasayithi, izindleko ziphezulu, futhi umjikelezo wokuhlola mude, ongafanele ukuhlolwa okusheshayo nokuqoqwa kokusakazwa.

 

5 Ukwahlukaniswa Kwamaphutha kanye Nebanga

Ukukhubazeka kwangaphakathi kwe-macroscopic kokubunjwa okutholwe ukuhlolwa kwe-radiographic kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezinhlanu: i-porosity, ukufakwa kwesihlabathi nokufakwa kwe-slag, i-shrinkage cavity kanye ne-shrinkage porosity, insimbi yangaphakathi engaxutshiwe kanye nomgogodla ongaxutshiwe, ukuqhekeka okushisayo nokuqhekeka okubandayo.

1) Ukukhubazeka kwesisu. I-Stomata ibonakala njengamachashazi amnyama ayindilinga noma ayi-oval, ngezinye izikhathi anemisila, asakazwa ngamaqembu noma eyedwa. Uma zisatshalaliswa ngamaqembu, izithombe zivame ukugqagqana futhi zibe nezimo ezingajwayelekile. Ama-blolowholes ngokuvamile avela ekuqinisweni kokugcina kokusakazwa, lapho igesi iqoqa futhi ingakwazi ukuphunyuka. Ukwakheka kwezimbotshana ezimise okwezinaliti kungokohlobo lokungenelela olusebenzayo, futhi ungqimba olungaphezulu lokubunjwa luhlelwe ngemigqa futhi lusatshalaliswe ngokuphambana phezulu.

2) Amaphutha okufakwa kwesihlabathi nokufakwa kwe-slag. Ukufakwa kwesihlabathi ne-slag kusakazwa ngechashazi elingavamile noma umumo womugqa. Uma zisesimweni somugqa, zinobubanzi obuthile futhi zingasatshalaliswa ngokungahleliwe ngaphakathi kokulingisa. Ukufakwa kwe-slag kuvame ukuvela phansi kwe-shrinkage cavity, futhi ukufakwa kwesihlabathi ngezinye izikhathi kusakazwa ebusweni bokubunjwa.

3) Ukuncipha kwemigodi kanye nokukhubazeka kwe-porosity shrinkage. Ngokomumo we-dimensional, ukukhubazeka kwe-shrinkage cavity of castings kungahlukaniswa kube imigodi ye-tubular, i-dendritic kanye ne-shrinkage yendawo enkulu. Amaphutha anjalo ngokuvamile asatshalaliswa phansi kwesikhuphukeli kanye nasendaweni yokugcina eqinile eshisayo. Ama-shrinkage cavities ngokuvamile avela ngesikhathi esifanayo nama-pores, ama-slag inclusions kanye ne-shrinkage porosity.

4) Amaphutha angahlanganisiwe. Izithombe zokukhubazeka okungahlanganisiwe zifana nokuqhekeka, futhi zonke ziyimigqa emnyama, kodwa uhlangothi olulodwa lwemigqa luyingxenye yomugqa oqondile, okwenzeka kuphela endaweni lapho kuhlelwa khona i-chiller yangaphakathi noma ukusekelwa okuyisisekelo.

5) Amaphutha afana nokuqhekeka. Ekuhloleni i-radiographic, amaphutha afana nokuqhekeka abonisa imigqa emnyama esithombeni enezimo ezingajwayelekile, ezinye ziqondile, ezinye ziqondile ngokuyisisekelo, kodwa iziphetho zazo zibukhali futhi ikhanda aliyindilinga. Amaphutha afana nokuqhekeka ngokuvamile avela endaweni eshisayo yokulingisa noma lapho kuhlangana khona izinguquko ezingalindelekile esigabeni.