Insimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa isho insimbi enokushisa okuphezulu kwe-oxidation ukumelana namandla okushisa aphezulu. Ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kwe-oxidation kuyisimo esibalulekile sokuqinisekisa ukuthi i-workpiece isebenza isikhathi eside ekushiseni okuphezulu. Endaweni ene-oxidizing njengomoya onezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, umoya-mpilo uhlangana ngamakhemikhali nendawo yensimbi ukuze kwakheke izinhlobonhlobo zezingqimba ze-iron oxide. Ungqimba lwe-oxide luxega kakhulu, lulahlekelwa izici zokuqala zensimbi, futhi kulula ukuwa. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana ne-high-temperature oxidation yensimbi, izakhi ze-alloying zengezwa ensimbi ukushintsha isakhiwo se-oxide. Izakhi ze-alloying ezivame ukusetshenziswa yi-chromium, i-nickel, i-chromium, i-silicon, i-aluminium nokunye. Ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kwe-oxidation yensimbi kuhlobene kuphela nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali.
Amandla okushisa aphezulu abhekisela emandleni ensimbi ukusekela imithwalo yemishini isikhathi eside emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Kunemiphumela emibili eyinhloko yensimbi ngaphansi komthwalo wemishini ekushiseni okuphezulu. Enye iyathambisa, okungukuthi, amandla ayancipha ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa. Okwesibili ukukhasa, okungukuthi, ngaphansi kwesenzo sokucindezeleka okuqhubekayo, inani le-deformation yepulasitiki likhula kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki kwensimbi ekushiseni okuphezulu kubangelwa ukushelela kwe-intragranular kanye nokushelela komngcele wokusanhlamvu. Ukuthuthukisa amandla okushisa aphezulu ensimbi, izindlela zokuhlanganisa zivame ukusetshenziswa. Okusho ukuthi, izakhi ze-alloying zengezwa ensimbi ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla okubopha phakathi kwama-athomu futhi akhe isakhiwo esivumayo. Ukwengeza i-chromium, i-molybdenum, i-tungsten, i-vanadium, i-titanium, njll., kungaqinisa i-matrix yensimbi, kukhuphule izinga lokushisa le-recrystallization, futhi kungakha ama-carbide esigaba esiqinisayo noma izinhlanganisela ze-intermetallic, njenge-Cr23C6, VC, TiC, njll. Lezi zigaba zokuqinisa ziyi ezinzile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ungancibiliki, ungahlanganisi ukuze ukhule, futhi ugcine ubulukhuni babo. I-nickel yengezwa ikakhulukazi ukuze kutholwei-austenite. Ama-athomu aku-austenite ahlelwe aqine kune-ferrite, amandla okubopha phakathi kwama-athomu anamandla, futhi ukusakazeka kwama-athomu kunzima kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, amandla okushisa aphezulu e-austenite angcono. Kungabonakala ukuthi amandla okushisa aphezulu ensimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa awahlobene nje nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, kodwa futhi ahlobene ne-microstructure.
I-High-alloy ukumelana nokushisaizinsimbi zensimbizisetshenziswa kabanzi ezikhathini lapho izinga lokushisa lokusebenza lingaphezu kuka-650 ℃. Izinsimbi zensimbi ezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa zibhekisela ezinsimbi ezisebenza emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsimbi zensimbi ezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa kuhlobene eduze nenqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe yemikhakha yezimboni ehlukahlukene njengeziteshi zikagesi, amabhayela, izinjini zegesi, izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, nezinjini ze-aero. Ngenxa yamazinga okushisa ahlukene nezingcindezi ezisetshenziswa imishini namadivayisi ahlukahlukene, kanye nezindawo ezihlukene, izinhlobo zensimbi ezisetshenziswayo nazo zihlukile.
Ibanga Elilinganayo Lensimbi Engagqwali | |||||||||
| AMAQEMBU | AISI | I-W-stoff | I-DIN | BS | SS | AFNOR | UNE / IHA | I-JIS | I-UNI |
| I-Martensitic kanye ne-Ferritic Stainless Steel | 420 C | 1,4034 | I-X43Cr16 | ||||||
| 440 B/1 | 1,4112 | I-X90 Cr Mo V18 | |||||||
| - | 1.2083 | X42 Kr 13 | - | 2314 | Z40 C 14 | F.5263 | I-SUS 420 J1 | - | |
| 403 | 1.4000 | I-X6Cr13 | 403 S17 | 2301 | Z6C 13 | F.3110 | I-SUS 403 | I-X6Cr13 | |
| (410S) | 1.4001 | X7 Kr14 | (403 S17) | 2301 | Z8C 13 | F.3110 | I-SUS 410 S | I-X6Cr13 | |
| 405 | 1.4002 | I-X6 Cll 13 | 405 S17 | - | Z8 CA 12 | F.3111 | I-SUS 405 | I-X6 Cll 13 | |
| 416 | 1.4005 | I-X12 CrS 13 | 416 S21 | 2380 | Z 11 CF 13 | F.3411 | I-SUS 416 | I-X12CrS13 | |
| 410 | 1.4006 | X 10 Kr 13 | 410 S21 | 2302 | Z 10 C 14 | F.3401 | I-SUS 410 | I-X12Cr13 | |
| 430 | 1.4016 | X6 Kr17 | 430 S17 | 2320 | Z8C 17 | F.3113 | I-SUS 430 | X8Cr17 | |
| 420 | 1.4021 | X20 Kr13 | 420 S37 | 2303 | Z20 C 13 | F.3402 | I-SUS 420 J1 | I-X20Cr13 | |
| 420F | 1.4028 | X30 Kr 13 | 420 S45 | (2304) | Z30 C 13 | F.3403 | I-SUS 420 J2 | I-X30Cr13 | |
| (420) | 1.4031 | I-X39Cr13 | 420 S45 | (2304) | Z40 C 14 | F.3404 | (SUS 420 J1) | - | |
| 431 | 1.4057 | I-X20 CrNi 17 2 | 431 S29 | 2321 | Z 15 CNi 16.02 | F.3427 | I-SUS 431 | I-X16CrNi16 | |
| 430F | 1.4104 | I-X12 CrMoS 17 | - | 2383 | Z 10 CF 17 | F.3117 | I-SUS 430 F | I-X10CrS17 | |
| 434 | 1.4113 | I-X6 CrMo 17 | 434 S17 | 2325 | I-Z8 CD 17.01 | - | I-SUS 434 | I-X8CrMo17 | |
| 430Ti | 1.4510 | X6 CrTi 17 | - | - | Z4 CT 17 | - | I-SUS 430 LX | I-X6CrTi17 | |
| 409 | 1.4512 | I-X5 CrTi 12 | 409 S17 | - | Z6 CT 12 | - | SUH 409 | I-X6CrTi12 | |
| I-Austenitic Stainless Steel | 304 | 1.4301 | X5 CrNi 18 9 | 304 S15 | 2332 | Z 6 CN 18.09 | F.3551 | I-SUS 304 | I-X5CrNi18 10 |
| 305 | 1.4303 | X5 CrNi 18 12 | 305 S19 | - | Z 8 CN 18.12 | - | I-SUS 305 | I-X8CrNi19 10 | |
| 303 | 1.4305 | X12 CrNiS 18 8 | 303 S21 | 2346 | Z 10 CNF 18.09 | F.3508 | I-SUS 303 | I-X10CrNiS 18 09 | |
| 304L | 1.4306 | X2 CrNiS 18 9 | 304 S12 | 2352 | Z 2 CN 18.10 | F.3503 | I-SUS 304L | I-X2CrNi18 11 | |
| 301 | 1.4310 | X12 CrNi 17 7 | - | 2331 | Z 12 CN 17.07 | F.3517 | I-SUS 301 | I-X12CrNi17 07 | |
| 304 | 1.4350 | X5 CrNi 18 9 | 304 S31 | 2332 | Z 6 CN 18.09 | F.3551 | I-SUS 304 | I-X5CrNi18 10 | |
| 304 | 1.4350 | X5 CrNi 18 9 | 304 S31 | 2333 | Z 6 CN 18.09 | F.3551 | I-SUS 304 | I-X5CrNi18 10 | |
| 304LN | 1.4311 | X2 CrNiN 18 10 | 304 S62 | 2371 | Z 2 CN 18.10 | - | I-SUS 304 LN | - | |
| 316 | 1.4401 | X5 CrNiMo 18 10 | 316 S16 | 2347 | Z 6 CND 17.11 | F.3543 | I-SUS 316 | I-X5CrNiMo17 12 | |
| 316L | 1.4404 | - | 316 S 12/13/14/22/24 | 2348 | Z 2 CND 17.13 | I-SUS316L | I-X2CrNiMo17 12 | ||
| 316LN | 1.4429 | X2 CrNiMoN 18 13 | - | 2375 | Z 2 CND 17.13 | - | I-SUS 316 LN | - | |
| 316L | 1.4435 | X2 CrNiMo 18 12 | 316 S 12/13/14/22/24 | 2353 | Z 2 CND 17.13 | - | I-SUS316L | I-X2CrNiMo17 12 | |
| 316 | 1.4436 | - | 316 S33 | 2343 | Z 6 CND18-12-03 | - | - | X8CrNiMo 17 13 | |
| 317L | 1.4438 | X2 CrNiMo 18 16 | 317 S12 | 2367 | Z 2 CND 19.15 | - | I-SUS 317 L | I-X2CrNiMo18 16 | |
| 329 | 1.4460 | X3 CrNiMoN 27 5 2 | - | 2324 | Z5 CND 27.05.Az | F.3309 | I-SUS 329 J1 | - | |
| 321 | 1.4541 | X10 CrNiTi 18 9 | 321 S12 | 2337 | Z 6 CND 18.10 | F.3553 | I-SUS 321 | I-X6CrNiTi18 11 | |
| 347 | 1.4550 | X10 CrNiNb 18 9 | 347 S17 | 2338 | Z 6 CNNb 18.10 | F.3552 | I-SUS 347 | I-X6CrNiNb18 11 | |
| 316Ti | 1.4571 | X10 CrNiMoTi 18 10 | 320 S17 | 2350 | Z 6 CNDT 17.12 | F.3535 | - | X6CrNiMoTi 17 12 | |
| 309 | 1.4828 | X15 CrNiSi 20 12 | 309 S24 | - | Z 15 CNS 20.12 | - | SUH 309 | X16 CrNi 24 14 | |
| 330 | 1.4864 | X12 NiCrSi 36 16 | - | - | Z 12 NCS 35.16 | - | SUH 330 | - | |
| I-Duplex Stainless Steel | S32750 | 1.4410 | X 2 CrNiMon 25 7 4 | - | 2328 | I-Z3 CND 25.06 Az | - | - | - |
| S31500 | 1.4417 | X 2 CrNiMoSi 19 5 | - | 2376 | I-Z2 CND 18.05.03 | - | - | - | |
| I-S31803 | 1.4462 | X 2 CrNiMon 22 5 3 | - | 2377 | Z 3 CND 22.05 (Az) | - | - | - | |
| I-S32760 | 1.4501 | X 3 CrNiMoN 25 7 | - | - | Z 3 CND 25.06 Az | - | - | - | |
| 630 | 1.4542 | I-X5CrNiCNb16-4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| A564/630 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Amazinga ensimbi engangeni ekushiseni emazweni ahlukene
1) Izinga lesiShayina
I-GB/T 8492-2002 "Izimo Zobuchwepheshe Zokusakaza Kwensimbi Engangeni Ukushisa" icacisa amamaki kanye nezakhiwo zemishini yezinga lokushisa legumbi lezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene ezisansimbi ezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa.
2) I-European Standard
I-TS EN 10295-2002 amazinga ensimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa afaka insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic, insimbi engagqwali engamelana nokushisa ne-austenitic-ferritic duplex engangeni ukushisa, kanye nama-alloys asekelwe ku-nickel nama-alloys asekelwe ku-cobalt.
3) Amazinga aseMelika
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okucaciswe ku-ANSI/ASTM 297-2008 "General Industrial Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel Heat-resistant Steel Castings" kuyisisekelo sokwamukelwa, futhi ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwemishini kwenziwa kuphela uma umthengi ekucela isikhathi soku-oda. Ezinye izindinganiso zaseMelika ezibandakanya insimbi esakazwayo ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa ihlanganisa i-ASTM A447/A447M-2003 kanye ne-ASTM A560/560M-2005.
4) Izinga lesiJalimane
Ku-DIN 17465 "Izimo Zobuchwepheshe Zokusakaza Kwensimbi Engangeni Ukushisa", ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, izakhiwo zemishini ekamelweni lokushisa, kanye nezakhiwo zomshini ezisezingeni eliphezulu lokushisa amamaki ensimbi asakazwayo ahlukahlukene acacisiwe ngokuhlukana.
5) Japanese Standard
Amabanga ku-JISG5122-2003 "Insimbi Engangeni Ukushisa" ngokuyisisekelo iyafana ne-American Standard ASTM.
6) I-Russian Standard
Kunamamaki ensimbi ayi-19 angangeni ekushiseni acaciswe ku-GOST 977-1988, okuhlanganisa nezinsimbi ezimelana nokushisa okuphakathi nendawo ne-chromium.
Umthelela wokwakheka kwamakhemikhali empilweni yesevisi yensimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa
Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezakhi zamakhemikhali ezingathinta impilo yesevisi yensimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa. Le miphumela ibonakala ekuthuthukiseni ukuzinza kwesakhiwo, ukuvimbela i-oxidation, ukwakha nokusimamisa i-austenite, nokuvimbela ukugqwala. Isibonelo, izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane, okungama-trace elements ensimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa, zingathuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana ne-oxidation yensimbi futhi ziguqule i-thermoplasticity. Izinto eziyisisekelo zensimbi nama-alloys ukumelana nokushisa ngokuvamile zikhetha izinsimbi nama-alloys anephoyinti lokuncibilika eliphakeme uma kuqhathaniswa, amandla okwenza kusebenze okuzihlukanisayo okuphezulu noma amandla amaphutha anqwabelene aphansi. Izinsimbi ezihlukahlukene eziphikisana nokushisa kanye nama-alloys okushisa aphezulu anezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu kwinqubo yokuncibilikisa, ngoba ukutholakala kwe-inclusions noma ukukhubazeka okuthile kwe-metallurgical ensimbi kuzonciphisa umkhawulo wamandla wokukhuthazela wento.
Umthelela wobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe njengokwelashwa kwesixazululo empilweni yesevisi yensimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa
Ngezinto zensimbi, ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubo ezahlukene zokwelashwa kokushisa kuzothinta isakhiwo kanye nosayizi wokusanhlamvu, ngaleyo ndlela kushintshe izinga lobunzima bokusebenza okushisayo. Ekuhlaziyeni ukwehluleka kokuphonsa, kunezici eziningi eziholela ekuhlulekeni, ikakhulukazi ukukhathala okushisayo kuholela ekuqalisweni kokuqhekeka nokuthuthukiswa. Ngokuhambisanayo, kukhona uchungechunge lwezici ezithinta ukuqaliswa nokusabalalisa kwemifantu. Phakathi kwazo, okuqukethwe kwesibabule kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba imifantu ikhula kakhulu eduze kwama-sulfide. Okuqukethwe kwesulfure kuthinteka yikhwalithi yezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nokuncibilikiswa kwazo. Ngokubunjwa okusebenza ngaphansi komkhathi ovikelayo we-hydrogen, uma i-hydrogen sulfide kuqukethwe ku-hydrogen, ukukhishwa kuzokwenziwa nge-sulphurized. Okwesibili, ukwanela kokwelashwa kwesixazululo kuzothinta amandla nokuqina kokubunjwa.
