Ukumayinisa kuyinqubo lapho impahla (ngokuvamile eyinsimbi) isikwa ibe yisimo sokugcina esifiselekayo kanye nosayizi ngenqubo elawulwayo yokususwa kwezinto. Izinqubo ezinale timu evamile, ukususwa kwezinto ezilawulwayo, namuhla zihlangene zaziwa njengokukhiqiza okukhiphayo, ngokwehlukana nezinqubo zokuhlanganisa izinto ezilawulwayo, ezaziwa njengokukhiqiza okungeziwe. Impela lokho okushiwo ingxenye "elawulwayo" yencazelo kungahluka, kodwa cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi kusho ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi omshini (ngaphezu kwamathuluzi amandla namathuluzi ezandla).
Imishini iyingxenye yokwenziwa kwezinto eziningiimikhiqizo yensimbi, kodwa ingasetshenziswa nasezintweni ezinjengokhuni, ipulasitiki, i-ceramic, nezinhlanganisela. Umuntu ogxile emishinini ubizwa ngokuthi umachinist. Igumbi, isakhiwo, noma inkampani lapho kwenziwa khona imishini ibizwa ngokuthi isitolo somshini. Imishini eminingi yesimanje yenziwa ngokulawulwa kwezinombolo zekhompiyutha (CNC), lapho amakhompiyutha asetshenziswa khona ukulawula ukunyakaza nokusebenza kwezigayo, izinsimbi, neminye imishini yokusika. Lokhu kwandisa ukusebenza kahle, njengoba umshini we-CNC usebenza ngaphandle komuntu ngakho-ke kunciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi ezitolo zemishini.
| CNC Precision Machining Amakhono at RMC Foundry | |||
| Izinsiza | Ubuningi | Ibanga likasayizi (mm) | Amandla Wonyaka |
| I-Vertical Machining Center (VMC) | 48 amasethi | 1,500 × 1,000 × 800 | amathani ayi-6,000 noma izingcezu ezingama-300,000 |
| I-Horizontal Machining Centre (VMC) | 12 amasethi | 1,200 × 800 × 600 | amathani ayi-2,000 noma izingcezu eziyi-100,000 |
| Umshini we-CNC | 60 amasethi | Ukujika okuphezulu φ600 | amathani angu-5,000 noma izingcezu ezingu-600,000 |
| Izinga Lokubekezelela: ISO 8062 2013, ISO 2768, GOST 26645 (Russia) noma GBT 6414 (China). | |||
Izinqubo ezintathu eziyinhloko zemishini zihlukaniswa njengokuphenduka, ukubhola kanye nokugaya. Eminye imisebenzi ewela ezigabeni ezihlukene ihlanganisa ukubumba, ukuhlela, ukubhora, ukubhula nokusaha.
Imisebenzi yokuguqula iyimisebenzi ezungezisa ucezu lokusebenza njengendlela eyinhloko yokuhambisa insimbi ngokumelene nethuluzi lokusika. I-Lathes iyithuluzi lomshini eliyinhloko elisetshenziswa ekuphenduleni.
Imisebenzi yokugaya iyimisebenzi lapho ithuluzi lokusika lizungeza ukuletha imiphetho yokusika ukuze ibhekane nomsebenzi. Imishini yokugaya iyithuluzi lomshini eliyinhloko elisetshenziswa ekugayeni.
Imisebenzi yokumba yimisebenzi lapho kukhiqizwa khona izimbobo noma kucwengisiswe ngokuletha i-cutter ejikelezayo enemiphetho yokusika endaweni engezansi ukuze ihlangane nomsebenzi. Imisebenzi yokumba yenziwa ngokuyinhloko emishinini yokubhoboza kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kumalathe noma izigayo.
Imisebenzi ehlukahlukene iyimisebenzi okungenzeka ukuthi ayiyona imisebenzi yomshini ngoba ingase ingabi imisebenzi yokukhiqiza i-swarf kodwa le misebenzi yenziwa ngethuluzi lomshini elivamile. Ukushisa kuyisibonelo somsebenzi oxubile. Ukushisa akukhiqizi i-swarf kodwa kungenziwa emshinini wokugaya, wokugaya, noma wokubhoboza.
Umsebenzi ongaqediwe odinga ukwenziwa ngomshini uzodinga ukusikwa okuthile ukuze kwakhiwe umkhiqizo oqediwe. Umkhiqizo oqediwe uzoba ucezu lokusebenza oluhlangabezana nezicaciso ezibekelwe lolo cezu lokusebenza ngemidwebo yobunjiniyela noma amapulani. Isibonelo, i-workpiece ingase idingeke ukuze ibe nobubanzi obukhethekile bangaphandle. I-lathe iyithuluzi lomshini elingasetshenziswa ukudala lobo bubanzi ngokuzungezisa ucezu lomsebenzi lwensimbi, ukuze ithuluzi lokusika likwazi ukusika insimbi, lidale indawo ebushelelezi, eyindilinga ehambisana nobubanzi obudingekayo kanye nokuqedwa kwendawo. I-drill ingasetshenziswa ukususa insimbi ngesimo sembobo ye-cylindrical. Amanye amathuluzi angase asetshenziselwe izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokususa insimbi imishini yokugaya, amasaha, nemishini yokugaya. Eziningi zalezi zindlela ezifanayo zisetshenziswa ekwenzeni izinkuni.
Amasu omshini athuthukile ahlanganisa ukunembaCNC imishini, i-electrical discharge machining (EDM), ukuguguleka kwe-electro-chemical, ukusika i-laser, noma ukusika indiza yamanzi ukuze kulolonge izinsimbi zokusebenza.
Njengomsebenzi wezohwebo, ukwenziwa kwemishini ngokuvamile kwenziwa esitolo semishini, esinegumbi lokusebenza elilodwa noma amaningi aqukethe amathuluzi omshini amakhulu. Yize isitolo semishini singasebenza wodwa, amabhizinisi amaningi agcina izitolo zemishini zangaphakathi ezisekela izidingo ezikhethekile zebhizinisi.
Ukwenza imishini kudinga ukunakwa kwemininingwane eminingi ukuze ucezu lokusebenza luhlangabezane nezicaciso ezibekwe emidwebeni yobunjiniyela noma amapulani. Ngaphandle kwezinkinga ezisobala ezihlobene nobukhulu obulungile, kunenkinga yokufinyelela isiphetho esifanele noma ubushelelezi bomhlaba ku-workpiece. Isiphetho esiphansi esitholakala endaweni ewumshini wocezu lokusebenza kungase kubangelwe ukugoqa okungalungile, ithuluzi elibuthuntu, noma ukwethulwa okungafanele kwethuluzi. Imvamisa, lesi siphetho esingesihle kahle, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukuxoxa, kubonakala ngokuqeda okuguquguqukayo noma okungajwayelekile, kanye nokuvela kwamagagasi endaweni ewumshini wocwecwe lokusebenza.
I-Machining yinoma iyiphi inqubo lapho ithuluzi lokusika lisetshenziselwa ukususa ama-chips amancane ezinto ezibonakalayo ku-workpiece (i-workpiece ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi "umsebenzi"). Ukwenza umsebenzi, ukunyakaza okuhlobene kuyadingeka phakathi kwethuluzi nomsebenzi. Lokhu kunyakaza okuhlobene kufinyelelwa ekusebenzeni komshini okuningi ngokusebenzisa ukunyakaza okuyinhloko, okubizwa ngokuthi "isivinini sokusika" kanye nokunyakaza kwesibili okubizwa ngokuthi "okuphakelayo". Ukuma kwethuluzi kanye nokungena kwalo endaweni yokusebenza, kuhlanganiswe nalokhu kunyakaza, kukhiqiza ukuma okufunayo kwendawo yokusebenza ewumphumela.
Imisebenzi yomshini
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zemisebenzi yomshini, ngayinye ekwazi ukukhiqiza ingxenye ethile yejometri nokuthungwa kwendawo.
Ekuphenduleni, ithuluzi lokusika elinomphetho owodwa wokusika lisetshenziselwa ukususa izinto ezivela ku-workpiece ejikelezayo ukuze kukhiqizwe umumo we-cylindrical. Ukunyakaza okuyinhloko kunikezwa ngokuzungezisa i-workpiece, futhi ukunyakaza kokuphakelayo kufinyelelwa ngokuhambisa ithuluzi lokusika kancane kancane endaweni ehambisana ne-axis yokujikeleza komsebenzi.
Ukubhoboza kusetshenziswa ukwakha imbobo eyindilinga. Kwenziwa ithuluzi elijikelezayo elivame ukuba nemiphetho emibili noma emine yokusika i-helical. Ithuluzi liphakelwa ngendlela ehambisana ne-axis yalo yokuzungezisa ku-workpiece ukuze lenze imbobo eyindilinga.
Ngesicefe, ithuluzi elinephuzu elilodwa eligobile elicijile lithuthukiswa lingene embobeni eyenziwe cishe kucezu lokusebenza oluphothayo ukuze likhulise kancane imbobo futhi lithuthukise ukunemba kwalo. Kuwumsebenzi omuhle wokuqeda osetshenziswa ezigabeni zokugcina zokwenziwa komkhiqizo.
I-Reaming ingenye yemisebenzi yokulinganisa esusa inani elincane lensimbi emgodini osuvele wabhobozwa.
Ekugayweni, ithuluzi elijikelezayo elinemiphetho eminingi yokusika lihanjiswa kancane ngokuhlobene nokokusebenza ukuze kukhiqizwe indiza noma indawo eqondile. Isiqondiso sokunyakaza kokuphakelayo sincikene ne-eksisi yethuluzi yokuzungezisa. Ukunyakaza kwesivinini kunikezwa umsiki wokugaya ojikelezayo. Izinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokugaya yilezi: i-Peripheral Milling kanye ne-Face Milling.
Eminye imisebenzi yemishini evamile ihlanganisa ukubumba, ukuhlela, ukubhula nokusaha. Futhi, ukugaya kanye nokusebenza okufanayo kokuhubhuka kuvame ukufakwa phakathi kwesigaba somshini.
Ithuluzi lokusika linomkhawulo owodwa noma ngaphezulu obukhali futhi lenziwe ngezinto ezinzima kunezisetshenziswa zomsebenzi. Unqenqema lokusika lusebenzela ukuhlukanisa i-chip kusuka kokusebenza komzali. Kuxhunywe onqenqemeni lokusika izindawo ezimbili zethuluzi:
Ubuso be-rake kanye nohlangothi.
Ubuso bereki obuqondisa ukugeleza kwe-chip esanda kwakhiwa, buqondiswe engeli ethile bubizwa ngokuthi i-rake angle "α". Ikalwa ngokuhlobene nendiza i-perpendicular endaweni yokusebenza. I-engeli ye-rake ingaba yiphozithivu noma ibe negethivu. Ihlangothi lethuluzi linikeza imvume phakathi kwethuluzi nendawo yokusebenza esanda kwakhiwa, ngaleyo ndlela ivikele indawo engaphezulu ekuhuzukeni, okungehlisa isiphetho. Le engeli ephakathi kwendawo yokusebenza nendawo eseceleni ibizwa ngokuthi i-engeli yokusiza. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zamathuluzi okusika:
Ithuluzi lephoyinti elilodwa kanye nethuluzi lokusika okuningi
Ithuluzi lephuzu elilodwa linomkhawulo owodwa futhi lisetshenziselwa ukuphenduka, ukubhora nokuhlela. Ngesikhathi sokwenza imishini, iphuzu lethuluzi lingena ngaphansi kwendawo yokuqala yomsebenzi wengxenye yokusebenza. Iphuzu ngezinye izikhathi lizungezwa endaweni ethile, ebizwa ngokuthi i-nose radius.
Amathuluzi anomkhawulo wokusika amaningi anomkhawulo wokusika ongaphezu kowodwa futhi ngokuvamile afinyelela ukunyakaza kwawo okuhlobene nengxenye yokusebenza ngokuzungezisa. Ukubhoboza nokugaya kusebenzisa amathuluzi azungezayo ane-multiple-cutting-edge. Nakuba izimo zala mathuluzi zihlukile ethuluzini lephuzu elilodwa, izici eziningi zejiyomethri yamathuluzi ziyefana.
Imikhiqizo ye-CNC Machining ye-Grey Iron
