I-Monel alloy iyingxube ye-Ni-based alloy, ukwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali okuyinhloko yi-nickel (Ni), okuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kufika ku-67%, okunye ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuyinhloko ithusi (Cu), futhi iqukethe inani elincane lensimbi (Fe) , manganese (Mn) kanye nekhabhoni (C), i-silicon (Si) nezinye izakhi.
Amandla e-Monel alloy angaphezulu kwawe-nickel emsulwa, futhi angakwazi ukumelana nokugqwala kwemithombo yezindaba ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa namanzi olwandle ageleza ngokushesha. Izindlela zokucubungula ze-Monel alloy zihlanganisa ukusebenza okushisayo, ukusebenza okubandayo, ukukhanda imishini kanye nokushisela.
Ngo-1901, uRobert Crooks Stanley, i-metallurgist e-International Nickel Company (INCO), wakha i-alloy ye-Monel.
Umthombo wegama le-alloy ye-Monel usekelwe olwazini lokukhokha lowo owayengusihlalo wenkampani u-Ambrose Monell (Ambrose Monell). Kamuva, uMnu. Stanley wabuye wasebenza njengosihlalo we-International Nickel Corporation. I-Monel alloy yanikezwa ilungelo lobunikazi ngo-1906.
I-Monel alloy iyingxube ebizayo entengo yayo iphindwe izikhathi ezi-5-10 kunethusi elihlanzekile ne-nickel ehlanzekile. Ngakho-ke, isetshenziswa kuphela ezinhlelweni lapho ingakwazi ukushintshwa ngezinye izindlela ezishibhile.
I-Chemical Compostion kanye ne-Mechanicl Properties ye-Monel 400 Alloy (N0440):
Ukwakhiwa Kwekhemikhali kwe-Monel 400 Alloy (%) | ||||||||
| C ≤ | Si ≤ | UMn ≤ | P ≤ | S ≤ | Cr ≥ | Ngi ≥ | Mo ≥ | Kube ≤ |
| 0.3 | 0.5 | 2 | - | 0.024 | - | 63 | - | 28.0-34.0 |
| Abanye | N ≤ | A l≤ | Ithi ≤ | F e≤ | Co ≤ | V ≤ | W ≤ | Nb ≤ |
| - | - | - | 2.5 | - | - | - | - | |
1. I-Monel 400 (N04400) amandla e-alloy tensile: σb ≥ 450 Mpa.
2. I-Monel 400 (N04400) amandla esivuno sengxubevange: σb ≥ 170 Mpa.
3. I-Monel 400 (N04400) i-alloy elongation: δ ≥ 30%.
Izakhiwo ze-Monel Alloy
I-Monel alloy iyisixazululo esiqinile se-alloy kanambambili. Njengoba i-Ni ne-Cu zincibilika komunye nomunye, futhi iyingxube yesigaba esisodwa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi, umshini we-Monel alloy unzima, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezimpawu zayo eziqinile zokuqina. Kudinga ukujika ngesivinini esiphansi kanye namazinga okuphakela aphansi.
Ukuminyana kwe-Monel alloy 400 ngu-8.80 g/cm3, izinga lokushisa elincibilikayo lingu-1300~1350 °C, ukuqhutshwa kwe-conductivity cishe ku-34% IACS (IACS ibhekisela ku-International Standard Conductivity of Annealed Copper), futhi inani lokuqina elihlanganisiwe lingu-65 I-HRB. I-Monel alloy 400 yaziwa kakhulu ngokuqina kwayo futhi ingagcina lobu kuqina ebangeni lokushisa elibonakalayo.
Ingakwazi ukumelana nokugqwala kwama-asidi ahlukahlukene nama-alkali, futhi amanye ama-alloy e-Monel akwazi ukumelana nokushiswa komoya-mpilo okumsulwa. Ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ezindaweni ezigqwalile kakhulu. Ingxubevange ye-Monel K-500 eyakhiwe ngemva kokwengeza inani elincane le-aluminium (Al) ne-titanium (Ti) inokumelana nokugqwala okufanayo njenge-Monel alloy 400 kodwa amandla aphakeme, okubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukwakheka kwesigaba sika-γ phakathi nokwelashwa kokuguga. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, i-Monel alloy ibiza kakhulu kunensimbi engagqwali.
I-Monel alloy 400 nayo ingagcina izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini ngaphansi kweziro. Nakuba amandla nokuqina kuzokwanda, i-plasticity noma ukuqina kuzokwehla kancane. Ngisho noma ipholile ku-hydrogen eyi-liquid, ingxubevange ngeke idlule ku-ductile-brittle transition. Lona umehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwe-Monel alloy nezinto zensimbi ezonileyo (insimbi nensimbi) ezinokushisa okuphansi kwezinga lokushisa.
I-Monel alloy inokumelana nokugqwala okuhle ezindaweni eziningi, kodwa ijwayele ukugqwala lapho ivezwe emanzini anosawoti; ayikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala kwemidiya equkethe i-nitric oxide, i-nitric acid, i-sulphur dioxide ne-hypochlorite. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Monel alloy kuzophinde kubangele ukugqwala kwe-electrochemical. Ngamanye amazwi, lapho izinto zokubopha ezenziwe nge-aluminium, i-zinc noma insimbi zihlangana ne-Monel alloy, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile (njengokusetshenziswa emanzini olwandle agelezayo), ukubopha kwensimbi Izingxenye zizogqwala ngokushesha.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-Monel alloy
I-Aerospace
Ngawo-1960. I-Monel alloy iwine inombolo enkulu yama-oda emkhakheni wokwakhiwa komkhathi nokwakhiwa kwezindiza. Ikakhulukazi esetshenziselwa ukwakha i-fuselage nesikhumba sendiza yokuhlola ye-jet. Isibonelo, i-North American X-15 ingasetshenziselwa ukumelana nenani elikhulu lokushisa elikhiqizwa ukungqubuzana kwe-aerodynamic phakathi nendiza eshesha kakhulu. Ingxubevange ye-Monel isengagcina amandla ayo emazingeni okushisa aphakeme kakhulu, eyivumela ukuthi igcine ukuqina komumo wayo ngesivinini esiphezulu sokundiza somoya. Ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwendiza, i-Monel alloy isetshenziswa njengocingo lokukhiya ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinsimbi zivaliwe; ngezizathu zezomnotho, izintambo zokukhiya insimbi engenasici zivame ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo.
Ukukhipha Uwoyela Nokucwengisiswa
I-Monel isetshenziselwa ukwenza izingxenye ezithintana ngokuqondile ne-concentrated hydrofluoric acid kuyunithi ye-alkylation. Ukumelana okumangalisayo kwe-Monel alloy ku-hydrofluoric acid corrosion kuyamangalisa. Ingakwazi ukumelana nakho konke ukugxila kwe-hydrofluoric acid, futhi izinga lokushisa lingafinyelela endaweni yokubilisa ye-hydrofluoric acid. Lokhu kungase kube ukwaziswa okunokumelana nokugqwala okungcono kakhulu phakathi kwezinto ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezisetshenziswayo zobunjiniyela. Ingxubevange ye-Monel futhi ingamelana nokugqwala kwama-sulfide ahlukahlukene kanye ne-hydrochloric acid endaweni enciphisayo.
Unjiniyela Wasolwandle
Ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-Monel alloy kuyenza ibe into efanelekile ekusebenziseni olwandle, njengamasistimu amapayipi, ama-pump shafts, amavalvu olwandle, izintambo zokudoba ezitrolling, nezihlungi zikabhasikidi. Amanye ama-alloys e-Monel awawona ngokuphelele uzibuthe, futhi asetshenziselwa ukwenza izintambo zokusetshenzelwa yizimbamgodi kanye nezindlu zemishini yokulinganisa kazibuthe. Ezikebheni, i-Monel alloy wire isetshenziselwa ukukhiya amaketango ekhebula okusetshenzwa kulengwa kuwo. Ingxubevange ye-Monel iphinde isetshenziselwe ukwenza amathangi amanzi kanye namathangi kaphethiloli nezinye izinto ezisebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi, njengama-propeller shafts nama-keel bolt.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngenxa yenkinga ye-electrochemical corrosion (i-bimetallic corrosion) emanzini olwandle, i-alloy ye-Monel kufanele ihlukaniswe nezinye izinsimbi (njengensimbi) ngesikhathi sokwakha umkhumbi. I-New York Times yanyatheliswa ngo-August 25, 1915. Isihloko esithi "sabika ngengozi yesikebhe esingamamitha angu-215 ubude: "Isikebhe sokuqala uhlaka lwaso lwakhiwe ngokuphelele nge-alloy ye-Monel saguqulwa saba yizicucu emasontweni ayisithupha nje kuphela futhi baphoqeleke ukuthi balahle." Ngenxa yokugqwala kwe-electrochemical, i-keel yesakhiwo sensimbi ye-yacht yaguguleka ngokushesha futhi yancipha ngemva kokuxhumana ne-Monel alloy, okwagcina kuholele ekuweni kwephansi lesikebhe. Mayelana nocwaningo lwezinyoni zasolwandle, ikakhulukazi ukukhethwa kwezinto zokwenza indandatho yokuhlonza unyawo lwenyoni, indandatho yokuhlonza unyawo lwenyoni eyenziwe nge-Monel alloy iye yasetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinyoni zasolwandle, njenge-albatross ehlala ezindaweni ezidla amanzi olwandle.
Ithuluzi Lomculo
Ingxubevange ye-Monel isetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-piston noma ama-rotor athile ensimbi yomculo wekhwalithi ephezulu, njengezimpondo ezincane, ezinkulu nesiFulentshi. I-RotoSound yasebenzisa i-Monel alloy ukwenza izintambo zesiginci sikagesi ngo-1962. Lezi zintambo zisetshenziswa abaculi abaningi. Ngo-2017, inkampani yezintambo ze-D'Addario (inkampani yezintambo ze-D'Addario) yakhipha isethi yemikhiqizo yezintambo ze-violin, nayo eyizintambo eziyindilinga ezinenxeba le-Monel alloy kuzintambo zika-D no-G.
Okunye Ukusetshenziswa
Amathegi omazisi enziwe nge-Monel alloy (Amathegi ezinja amasosha aseMelika phakathi neMpi Yezwe II)
Ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu kuma-acids ahlukahlukene nomoya-mpilo kwenza i-Monel alloy ibe yikhwalithi ephezulu embonini yamakhemikhali. Ezinye izimo zokusebenzisa ezifana:
1. Ukunothisa i-uranium, iningi lamapayipi anobubanzi obukhulu asetshenziselwa i-uranium hexafluoride enziwe nge-Monel alloy;
2. I-valve elawulayo yokucindezela okukhulu kanye negesi eqinile yamabhodlela esebenzayo (njenge-HCl);
3. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ingxubevange ye-Monel yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ohlelweni lwesitimu esishisa kakhulu samasethi e-steam generator;
4. Ingxubevange ye-Monel nayo ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza osinki basekhishini namafreyimu ezibuko;
5. Igumbi elivuthayo elisetshenziselwa ukwenza ishubhu lokuthungela kubhayela;
6. Impilo yokuklama yewashi Lesikhathi Eside Manje yiminyaka eyi-10,000. Ngokwesisekelo sokuthi azikho izinsimbi eziyigugu ezisetshenziswayo, ezinye izingxenye zewashi zenziwe ngezinto ze-Monel alloy ezisekelwe ekukhathazekeni mayelana nokumelana nokugqwala.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-19-2021