Metal Casting Inqubo

I-Casting ingenye yezindlela zokuqala zokubumba insimbi ezaziwa ngabantu. Ngokuvamile lisho ukuthela insimbi encibilikisiwe esikhunjeni esiphikisayo esinomgodi womumo okufanele wenziwe, nokusivumela ukuthi siqine. Niniiqinisiwe, into yensimbi efiselekayo ikhishwa esikhunjeni esiphikisayo noma ngokuphula isikhunta noma ngokuhlukanisa isikhunta. Into eqinile ibizwa nge-casting. Le nqubo ibizwa nangokuthi isisekelo, futhi imboni yesimanje egxile ekubumbeni izingxenye zensimbi ibizwaisisekelo.

1. Umlando Wenqubo Yokusakaza
Inqubo yokuphonsa cishe yatholakala cishe ngo-3500 BC eMesopotamiya. Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba phakathi naleso sikhathi, izimbazo zethusi nezinye izinto eziyisicaba zaziphendulwa ezibunjeni ezivulekile ezenziwe ngamatshe noma ezibhakwayo.ubumba. Lezi zikhunta zaziyingxenye eyodwa. Kodwa ezikhathini zakamuva, lapho izinto eziyindilinga zidingeka, isikhunta esinjalo sasihlukaniswa sibe izingxenye ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ukuze kube lula ukuhoxiswa kwezinto eziyindilinga.Inkathi yeBronze (c 2000 BC) ilethe ukuthuthuka okwengeziwe enqubweni yokulingisa. Ngokokuqala ngqa mhlawumbe, umgogodla wokwenza amaphakethe angenalutho ezintweni wasungulwa. Lezi zinhlamvu zazenziwa ngobumba olubhakiwe.Futhi, i-cire perdue noma inqubo ye-wax elahlekile yayisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukwenza imihlobiso nomsebenzi omuhle.

Ubuchwepheshe bokusakaza buye bathuthukiswa kakhulu amaShayina kusukela cishe ngo-1500 BC. Ngaphambi kwalokho, abukho ubufakazi banoma yimuphi umsebenzi wokulingisa otholakala e-China. Azibonakali zibe zinhleI-famillar ngenqubo ye-cire perdue noma yayisebenzisa kakhulu kodwa esikhundleni salokho ikhethekile ekubunjweni kweziqephu eziningi ukwenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Bachitha isikhathi esiningi bephelelisa isikhunta kuze kube semininingwaneni yokugcina ukuze kube nzimakwakudingeka noma yimuphi umsebenzi wokuqedela ekubumbeni okwenziwe ngesikhunta. Cishe benza isikhunta sezingcezu ezinezicucu ezifakwe ngokucophelela, izinombolo ezingamashumi amathathu noma ngaphezulu. Eqinisweni, kuye kwavubukulwa isikhunta esiningi esinjaloukuthungatha imivubukulo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zaseChina.

I-Indus Valley Civilization yaziwa nangokusetshenziswa kwayo kakhulu kokuphonswa kwethusi nethusi emihlobiso, izikhali, amathuluzi nezitsha. Kodwa akuzange kube nokuthuthuka okuningi kubuchwepheshe. Kusuka ku-various izinto kanye nezithombe ezambiwa ezindaweni zase-Indus Valley, kubonakala sengathi zazijwayele zonke izindlela zokubunjwa ezaziwayo ezifana nesikhunta esivulekile, isikhunta sezingcezu kanye nenqubo ye-cire perdue.

Nakuba i-India yayingase ituswe ngokusungulwa kwensimbi eqinile, akukho okuningi kokusungulwa kwensimbi okwabonakala eNdiya. Kunobufakazi bokuthi ukusungulwa kwensimbi kwase kuqale cishe ngo-1000 BC eSiriya nasePheresiya. Kuyavelalokhoinsimbi-castingubuchwepheshe eNdiya bebulokhu busetshenziswa kusukela ezikhathini zokuhlasela kuka-Alexander Omkhulu, cishe ngo-300 BC.

Insika yensimbi edumile njengamanje etholakala eduze kweQutb minar eDelhi iyisibonelo samakhono ensimbi amaNdiya asendulo. Ingu-7.2 m ubude futhi yenziwe ngensimbi ehlanzekile ethambile. Lokhu kucatshangwa ukuthi yi-Isikhathi sikaChandragupta II (375-413 AD) sobukhosi bakwaGupta. Izinga lokugqwala kwale nsika, emi ngaphandle endaweni evulekile licishe libe uziro futhi nengxenye engcwatshiwe igqwala ngesivinini esiphansi kakhulu. Lokhukumele ngabe iqale yaphonswa kwabalingisi base bekhandwa yaba yisimo sokugcina.

2. Izinzuzo Nemikhawulo
Inqubo yokuphonsa isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo eziningi. Izinto ezincibilikisiwe zigelezela kunoma iyiphi ingxenye encane emgodini wesikhunta futhi kanjalo, noma yikuphi ukuma okuyinkimbinkimbi-ngaphakathinoma okwangaphandle–kungenziwa ngenqubo yokulingisa. Kungenzeka ukuphonsa cishe noma iyiphi impahla kungaba i-ferrous noma engeyona i-ferrous. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathuluzi adingekayo adingekayo ekubumbeni isikhunta alula kakhulu futhiengabizi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhiqizwa kwesilingo noma ukukhiqizwa kwenqwaba encane, kuyindlela efanelekile. Kungenzeka ohlelweni lokuphonsa, ukubeka inani lezinto lapho lidingeka khona. Ngenxa yalokhoukunciphisa isisindo ekuklanyeni kungafinyelelwa.Ukusakazangokuvamile zipholiswa ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ngakho-ke zilindeleke ukuthi zingabi nazo izindawo eziqondisayo. Kukhona izinsimbi ezithile kanye nengxubevangeengacutshungulwa kuphela ngokusakazwa hhayi nganoma iyiphi enye inqubo efana nokubumba ngenxa yokucatshangelwa kwe-metallurgical. Ukusakaza kwanoma ibuphi usayizi nesisindo, ngisho kuze kufike kumathani angu-200 kungenziwa.

Kodwa-ke, ukunemba kwe-dimensional kanye nokuqedwa kwendawo okutholwe ngokujwayelekileinqubo yokusakaza isihlabathiangeke anele ukufaka isicelo sokugcina ezimweni eziningi. Ukuze kucatshangelwe lezi zimo, ukulingisa okuthile okukhethekileizinqubo ezifana ne-diecasting zenziwe, imininingwane yazo inikezwe ezahlukweni zakamuva. Futhi, inqubo yokukhipha isihlabathi inzima ngokwezinga elithile ngakho-ke ukuthuthukiswa okuningi kuhloswe kuyo,njengokubunjwa komshini kanye ne-Foundry mechanization. Ngezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo kuvame ukuba nzima ukususa amaphutha avela kumswakama okhonaukukhishwa kwesihlabathi.

3. Imigomo Yokusakaza
Ezahlukweni ezilandelayo imininingwane yokusakazwa kwesihlabathi, emele inqubo eyisisekelo yokulingisa izobonakala. Ngaphambi kokungena emininingwaneni yenqubo, ukuchaza inani lamagama esilulumagama angabaezifanele.

I-flask- I-flask yokubumba yileyo ebamba isikhunta sesihlabathi siphelele. Ngokuya ngokuma kweflask esakhiweni sesikhunta, ibizwa ngamagama ahlukahlukene njengokuhudula, ukumelana nesihlathi. Yakhiwe ngokhuniukusetshenziswa kwesikhashana noma ngaphezulu ngokuvamile kwensimbi ukuze isetshenziswe isikhathi eside.
Hudula– Isitsha sokubumba esiphansi
Cope– Upper molding flask
Isihlathi- I-intermediate flask yokubumba isetshenziswa ekubumbeni izingcezu ezintathu.
Iphethini- Iphethini iwumfanekiso wento yokugcina okufanele yenziwe ngokulungiswa okuthile. I-mold cavity yenziwa ngosizo lwephethini.
Umugqa wokuhlukanisa– Lona umugqa ohlukanisayo phakathi kwamaflaski amabili abumbayo akha isikhunta sesihlabathi. Kuphethini ehlukanisiwe futhi ingumugqa ohlukanisayo phakathi kwamahhafu amabili ephethini
Ibhodi Elingezansi– Leli ibhodi elivame ukwenziwa ngokhuni, elisetshenziswa ekuqaleni kokwakhiwa kwesikhunta. Iphethini igcinwa kuqala ebhodini elingaphansi, isihlabathi sifafazwe kuso bese i-ramming yenziwa ekuhuduleni.
Ebhekene Nesihlabathi- Inani elincane le-carbonaceous material efafazwe endaweni engaphakathi ye-cavity yokubumba ukuze inikeze ukuqedwa okungcono kokubunjwa
Isihlabathi sokubumba- Yimpahla esanda kulungiswa esetshenziselwa ukwenza isikhunta. Kuyingxube yobumba lwe-silica kanye nomswakama ngezilinganiso ezifanele ukuze uthole imiphumela oyifunayo futhi uzungezeiphethini ngenkathi wenza isikhunta.
Isekela Sand- Yilokho okwenza iningi lempahla ephikisayo etholakala esikhunjeni. Lokhu kwakhiwa yisihlabathi esisetshenzisiwe nesishisiwe.
Ingqikithi- Isetshenziselwa ukwenza izimbobo ezingenalutho kuma-castings.
Ukuthulula Isitsha– Imbobo encane emise okwefaneli phezulu kwesikhunta okuthelwa kuso insimbi encibilikisiwe.
Spure– Iphaseji lapho insimbi encibilikisiwe esuka kumcengezi othela ifinyelela emgodini wesikhunta. Ezimweni eziningi ilawula ukugeleza kwensimbi esikhunjeni.
Umgijimi– Amaphaseji endizeni ehlukanisayo lapho ukugeleza kwensimbi encibilikisiwe kulawulwa ngaphambi kokuba kufinyelele emgodini wesikhunta.
Isango– Iphuzu langempela lokungena lapho insimbi encibilikisiwe ingena khona emgodini wesikhunta.
I-Chaplet- Ama-Chaplets asetshenziselwa ukusekela ama-cores ngaphakathi kwesikhunta ukuze anakekele isisindo sawo futhi anqobe amandla e-metallostatic.
Phola– Ukugodola yizinto ezisansimbi, ezifakwa esikhunjeni ukuze kwandiswe izinga lokupholisa lokubunjwa ukuze kunikeze izinga lokupholisa elifanayo noma elifiswayo.
Riser- Kuyichibi lensimbi encibilikisiwe elinikezwe ekubunjweni ukuze insimbi eshisayo ikwazi ukugeleza ibuyele emgodini wesikhunta lapho kuncipha umthamo wensimbi ngenxa yokuqina.

4. Inqubo Yokwenza Isikhunta Isihlabathi
Inqubo yokwenza isikhunta sesihlabathi esijwayelekile ichazwa kulezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo:

Okokuqala, ibhodi eliphansi libekwe endaweni yesikhulumi sokubumba noma phansi, okwenza ubuso bulingane. I-drag molding flask igcinwa ibheke phansi ebhodini elingezansi kanye nengxenye yokudonsa yeiphethini enkabeni yeflask ebhodini. Kufanele kube nokuvunyelwa okwanele phakathi kwephethini nezindonga zeflask okufanele ibe yi-oda lika-50 kuya ku-100 mm. Isihlabathi esibheke esomile sifafazwa ngaphezuluibhodi kanye nephethini ukunikeza ungqimba olunganamathele. Isihlabathi esibunjwayo esisanda kulungiswa sekhwalithi edingekayo manje sithululelwa ekuhuduleni nasephethini kuya ebugqileni obungu-30 kuya ku-50 mm. Okunye okusele kweflask yokudonsaigcwaliswe ngokuphelele ngesihlabathi esiyisipele futhi i-rammed ngokulinganayo ukuhlanganisa isihlabathi. I-ramming yesihlabathi kufanele yenziwe ngendlela efanele ukuze ingahlanganisi kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukuphuma kwamagesi,noma ixege kakhulu, ukuze isikhunta singabi namandla anele. Ngemuva kokuthi i-ramming isiphelile, isihlabathi esingaphezulu kwe-flask sikhishwa ngokuphelele kusetshenziswa ibha eyisicaba ukuya ezingeni lemiphetho yeflask.

Manje, ngentambo yokukhipha umoya, okuwucingo oluwububanzi obungu-1 kuya ku-2-mm enomkhawulo ocijile, kwenziwa izimbobo zokuphuma umoya ekudonseni ekujuleni okugcwele kweflask kanye nephethini ukuze kube lula ukukhishwa kwamagesi. ngesikhathi sokubunjwaukuqinisa. Lokhu kuqeda ukulungiswa kokudonsa.

I-flask yokudonsa eqediwe manje isigoqelwe ebhodini elingezansi lidalula iphethini njengoba kukhonjisiwe esithombeni. Ngokusebenzisa i-slick, imiphetho yesihlabathi ezungeze iphethini iyalungiswa futhi ingxenye yephethini ibekwe phezu kwayo.iphethini yokudonsa, ukuyiqondisa ngosizo lwezikhonkwane zedowel. I-cope flask engaphezulu kokudonsa itholakala iqondana futhi ngosizo lwamaphini. Isihlabathi esomile esihlukanisayo sifafazwa phezu kokudonsa kanye nephethini.

Iphinikhodi ye-sprue yokwenza i-sprue passage itholakala ebangeni elincane elingama-50 mm ukusuka ephethinini. Futhi, i-ariser pin uma idingeka igcinwa endaweni efanele kanye nesihlabathi sokubumba esisanda kulungiswa esifana nalesiyokudonsa kanye nesihlabathi esisekelayo kuyafafazwa. Isihlabathi sinqanyuliwe kahle, isihlabathi esiningi esiklwetshiwe kanye nezimbobo zokuphuma zenziwa yonke indawo ku-cope njengasekudonseni.

Iphinikhodi ye-sprue kanye nephinikhodi yesikhuphukeli kuhoxiswa ngokucophelela eflaskini. Kamuva, umcengezi wokuthulula uyasikwa eduze nendawo ephezulu ye-sprue. I-cope ihlukaniswa nokudonsa kanye nanoma yisiphi isihlabathi esixegayo ku-cope and drag interfaceyokudonsa ishaywa ngosizo lwezifutho. Manje, ama-halves we-cope kanye nephethini yokuhudula ayahoxiswa ngokusebenzisa izikhonkwane zokudweba nokudwengula iphethini nxazonke ukuze kunwetshwe kancane isikhunta ukuzeizindonga zesikhunta azonakaliswa iphethini yokuhoxisa. Abagijimi kanye namasango asikwa esikhunjeni ngokucophelela ngaphandle kokulimaza isikhunta. Noma yisiphi isihlabathi esingaphezulu noma esixekethile esitholakala kubagijimi kanye nesikhunta sesikhunta siyashaywakude ngokusebenzisa izifutho. Manje, isihlabathi esibhekene nesimo sokunamathisela sisetshenziswa kuwo wonke umgodi wokubumba kanye nabagijimi, okuzonikeza ukuphonsa okuphelile ukuqeda kahle kwendawo.

I-sand core eyomile ilungiswa ngokusebenzisa ibhokisi eliyinhloko. Ngemuva kokubhaka okulungile, kufakwa emgodini wesikhunta njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni. I-cope ithathelwa indawo ngokuhudula ukunakekela ukuqondanisa kokubili ngokusebenzisa i-izikhonkwane. Isisindo esifanelekile sigcinwa ku-cope ukuze kunakekele amandla e-metallostatic akhuphukayo ngesikhathi kuthululwa insimbi encibilikisiwe. Isikhunta manje, njengoba kukhonjisiwe esithombeni sesilungele ukuthululwa.