Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yezobunjiniyela ngenxa yokuphakama kwazo, uhla lwezinto ezinomshini nezindleko eziphansi. Noma kunjalo, izinto ezingekho zensimbi ziyasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene zezindawo zazo ezithile uma kuqhathaniswa nama-alloys ayisi yize kubiza kakhulu. Izakhiwo zemishini efiselekayo zingatholakala kulawa ma-alloys ngokuqinisa umsebenzi, ukuqina kweminyaka, njll., Kodwa hhayi ngezinqubo ezijwayelekile zokwelashwa kokushisa ezisetshenziselwa ama-alloys ayoni. Ezinye zezinto eziyinhloko ezingenayo i-ferrous zenzuzo yi-aluminium, ithusi, i-zinc, ne-magnesium
1. I-Aluminium
Kuwo wonke ama-alloys angenayo i-ferrous, i-aluminium kanye nama-alloys ayo abaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezinhle kakhulu. Ezinye zezinto ze-aluminium emsulwa ezisetshenziselwa imboni yobunjiniyela yilezi:
1) Ukuqhutshwa okuhle kakhulu kokushisa (0.53 cal / cm / C)
2) Ukuqhutshwa kahle kukagesi (376 600 / ohm / cm)
3) Ubuningi besisindo esiphansi (2.7 g / cm)
4) Indawo yokuncibilika ephansi (658C)
5) Excellent ukugqwala ukumelana
6) Akunabuthi.
I-7) Inesinye sezinto eziphakeme kakhulu (i-85 kuye kwi-95%) kanye ne-emissivity ephansi kakhulu (i-4 kuye ku-5%)
I-8) Ithambile futhi ine-ductile ngenxa yalokho inezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokukhiqiza.
Ezinye izinhlelo lapho i-aluminium emsulwa ivame ukusetshenziswa khona kubaqhubi bakagesi, ama-radiator fin materials, amayunithi we-air conditioning, ama-optical kanye nokukhanya okukhanyayo, kanye ne-foil nezinto zokupakisha.
Ngaphandle kwezicelo ezibalwe ngenhla, i-aluminium emsulwa ayisetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yezinkinga ezilandelayo:
1) Inamandla aphansi okuqina (65 MPa) nobulukhuni (20 BHN)
2. Kunzima kakhulu ukuxhuma noma ukugoqa.
Izici zemishini ye-aluminium zingathuthukiswa kakhulu ngokuhlanganisa. Izakhi eziyinhloko zokuhlanganisa izinto ezisetshenzisiwe yithusi, i-manganese, i-silicon, i-nickel ne-zinc.
I-Aluminium nethusi yakha isakhi samakhemikhali i-CuAl2. Ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elingu-548 C kuncibilika ngokuphelele ku-liquid aluminium. Lapho lokhu kucinywa futhi kugugile okwenziwe ngobuciko (ukubamba isikhathi eside ngo-100 - 150C), kutholakala ingxubevange eqinile. ICuAl2, engagugile ayinaso isikhathi sokuqhamuka esixazululweni esiqinile se-aluminium nethusi ngakho-ke isesimweni esingazinzile (esigcwele kakhulu ekamelweni le-tempera ture). Inqubo yokuguga inciphisa izinhlayiya ezinhle kakhulu ze-CuAl2, ezibangela ukuqiniswa kwe-alloy. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukuqina kwesixazululo.
Ezinye izakhi zokuxuba ezisetshenzisiwe zifinyelela ku-7% magnesium, kuze kufike ku-1. 5% manganese, kuze kufike ku-13% silicon, kuze kufike ku-2% nickel, kuze kufike ku-5% zinc kuze kufike ku-1.5% iron. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, i-titanium, i-chromium ne-columbium nayo ingangezwa ngamaphesenti amancane. Ukwakheka kwama-alloys ejwayelekile e-aluminium asetshenziswa ekubunjweni unomphela nasekuphonsweni kokufa kunikezwe kuThebula 2. 10 ngezicelo zazo. Izici zomshini ezilindelwe kulezi zinto ngemuva kokuthi ziphonswe kusetshenziswa isikhunta unomphela noma ingcindezi yokulingisa ifakwa kukhonjiswa kuThebula 2.1
2. Ithusi
Ngokufana ne-aluminium, ithusi elihlanzekile nalo lithola ukusetshenziswa okubanzi ngenxa yezakhiwo zalo ezilandelayo
1) Ukuqhutshwa kukagesi wethusi elihlanzekile kuphakeme (5.8 x 105 / ohm / cm) ngendlela yalo emsulwa. Noma yikuphi ukungcola okuncane kwehlisa ukuqhutshwa okukhulu kakhulu. Isibonelo, i-phosphorus engu-0% inciphisa ukuqhutshwa ngo-40%.
2) Ine-conductivity ephakeme kakhulu yokushisa (0. 92 cal / cm / C)
3) Kuyinsimbi esindayo (amandla adonsela phansi 8.93)
I-4) Ingakwazi ukuhlanganiswa kalula ngokubopha
5) Imelana nokugqwala,
6) Inombala othokozisayo.
Ithusi elihlanzekile lisetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kocingo lukagesi, imigoqo yamabhasi, izintambo zokudlulisa, ishubhu lesiqandisi kanye namapayipi.
Izici zemishini zethusi esimweni sayo esimsulwa azizinhle kakhulu. Ithambile futhi ibuthakathaka. Ingasetshenziswa ngenzuzo ukwenza ngcono izakhiwo zemishini. Izakhi eziyinhloko zokuhlanganisa izinto ezisetshenziswayo yi-zinc, i-tin, i-lead kanye ne-phosphorus.
Ama-alloys ethusi ne-zinc abizwa ngokuthi ama-brass. Ngokuqukethwe kwe-zinc okufika ku-39%, ithusi lakha isigaba esisodwa (α-phase) isakhiwo. Ama-alloys anjalo ane-ductility ephezulu. Umbala we-alloy uhlala ubomvu kuze kufike kokuqukethwe kwe-zinc okungu-20%, kepha ngaphezu kwalokho kuba phuzi. Ingxenye yesibili yokwakhiwa ebizwa nge-β-phase ivela phakathi kuka-39 kuye ku-46% we-zinc. Empeleni iyinhlanganisela ye-inter-metallic CuZn ebhekele ubunzima obandayo. Amandla ethusi akhula ngokwengeziwe lapho kungezwa inani elincane lama-manganese ne-nickel.
Ama-alloys ethusi anethini abizwa ngokuthi ama-bronzes. Ubulukhuni namandla okwenyuka kwethusi nge-crease kokuqukethwe kukathayela. I-ductility nayo iyancishiswa ngokwanda kwamaphesenti kathayela ngenhla kwe-5. Lapho i-aluminium nayo ifakwa (4 kuya ku-11%), ingxubevange evelayo ibizwa nge-aluminium bronze, enokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu kakhulu. Ama-bronzes abiza kakhulu uma eqhathaniswa nezinsimbi ngenxa yobukhona bukathayela okuyinsimbi ebizayo.
3. Ezinye Izinsimbi Ezingaduduli
Izinki
I-Zinc isetshenziswa kakhulu kwezobunjiniyela ngenxa yokushisa kwayo okuphansi okuncibilikayo (419.4 C) kanye nokumelana okuphezulu kokugqwala, okwenyuka ngobumsulwa be-zinc. Ukumelana nokugqwala kubangelwa ukwakheka kwengubo yokuvikela i-oxide ebusweni. Izicelo eziyinhloko ze-zinc zivusa insimbi ukuvikela insimbi ekugqobeni, embonini yokuphrinta nasekuphonseni izinsimbi.
Ububi be-zinc yi-anisotropy enamandla ekhonjiswe ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhubazekile, ukungabi bikho kobukhulu obulinganiselwe ngaphansi kwezimo zokuguga, ukwehla kwamandla omthelela emazingeni okushisa aphansi kanye nokuthambekela kokugqwala okungaphakathi kwe-granular. Ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa insizakalo ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lama-95 C ngoba izodala ukuncipha okukhulu kwamandla okuqina nobulukhuni.
Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kabanzi ekuphonsweni kwabantu abafayo kungenxa yokuthi kudinga ingcindezi ephansi, okuholela emphefumulweni ophakeme wokufa uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-alloys die casting. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inemishini emihle kakhulu. Isiphetho esitholwe yi-zinc diecasting ngokuvamile sanele ukuvumela noma yikuphi ukucubungulwa okuqhubekayo, ngaphandle kokususwa kwe-flash ekhona endizeni yokuvalelisa.
Magnesium
Ngenxa yesisindo sabo esincane namandla amahle womshini, ama-alloys we-magnesium asetshenziswa ngejubane eliphakeme kakhulu. Ngokuqina okufanayo, ama-alloys e-magnesium adinga kuphela i-37. 2% yesisindo sensimbi ye-C25 ngaleyo ndlela isindisa isisindo. Izakhi ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuhlanganisa ezisetshenzisiwe yi-aluminium ne-zinc. Ama-alloys e-Magnesium angaba yi-sand cast, isikhunta saphakade noma i-die cast. Izici zezingxenye ze-sand-cast magnesium alloy ziyaqhathaniswa nalezo ezingxenyeni ezingapheli zesikhunta noma izingxenye zokufa. Ama-alloys okusakaza ngokujwayelekile ally anokuqukethwe okunethusi ephezulu ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuthi kwenziwe ngezinsimbi zesibili ukunciphisa izindleko. Zisetshenziselwa ukwenza amasondo ezimoto, amacala wekhonkrithi, njll. Ukuphakama kokuqukethwe, kuphakamisa amandla womshini wama-alloys enziwe ngemagnesium njengezinto ezigoqiwe nezakhiwe. Ama-alloys we-Magnesium angashiselwa kalula ngezinqubo eziningi zokushisela zendabuko. Impahla ewusizo kakhulu yama-alloys we-magnesium ukusebenza kwawo okuphezulu. Zidinga kuphela amandla we-15% wemishini uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi yekhabhoni ephansi.
Isikhathi Iposi: Dec-18-2020