Ukusakaza kungenye yezindlela zokuqala zokwakha insimbi ezaziwa ngabantu. Ngokuvamile kusho ukuthululela insimbi encibilikisiwe kwisikhunta esine-refractory ngensimbi yomumo okufanele yenziwe, futhi siyivumele ukuthi iqinise. Nini
iqinisiwe, into yensimbi oyifunayo ikhishwa kwisikhunta esichasayo ngokungaphula isikhunta noma ngokuhlukanisa isikhunta. Into eqinisiwe ibizwa ngokuthi ukusakaza. Le nqubo ibizwa nangokuthi ukusungulwa
1. Umlando Wenqubo Yokulingisa
Inqubo yokusakaza kungenzeka yatholwa cishe ngo-c 3500 BC eMesopotamia. Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba phakathi naleyo nkathi, izimbazo zethusi nezinye izinto eziyizicaba zazikhonjwa ekubunjweni okuvulekile okwenziwe ngamatshe noma kubhakwe
ubumba. Lezi zibunji zazingocezu olulodwa. Kepha ezikhathini zakamuva, lapho kwakudingeka kwenziwe izinto eziyindilinga, isikhunta esinjalo sahlukaniswa saba izingxenye ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ukwenza lula ukuhoxiswa kwezinto eziyindilinga
Iminyaka yeBronze (c 2000 BC) yaletha ukucwengwa okuningi kunqubo yokusakaza. Ngokokuqala ngqa mhlawumbe, kwakhiwa umnyombo wokwenza amaphakethe angenalutho ezintweni. La ma-cores ayenziwe ngobumba olubhakwe.
Futhi, inqubo ye-cire perdue noma elahlekile yasetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni imihlobiso nomsebenzi omuhle.
Ubuchwepheshe bokusakaza buthuthukiswe kakhulu ngamaShayina kusuka cishe ngonyaka we-1500 BC. Ngaphambi kwalokho, abukho ubufakazi bokuthi yimuphi umsebenzi wokusakaza otholakala eChina. Akubonakali ukuthi babekhulu
famillar ngenqubo ye-cire perdue noma ayisebenzisile kakhulu kepha kunalokho akhethekile ekubunjweni kwezingcezu eziningi zokwenza imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Bachitha isikhathi esiningi beqedelela isikhunta emininingwaneni yokugcina ukuze kube nzima
noma yimuphi umsebenzi wokuqeda wawudingeka ekubunjweni okwenziwe ngesikhunta. Cishe babenza izingcezu zezicucu eziqukethe izingcezu ezifakwe ngokucophelela, ezazingamashumi amathathu noma ngaphezulu. Eqinisweni, kuye kwatholakala imikhuba eminingi enjalo
ukugqugquzela ukuvubukulwa kwemivubukulo ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zaseChina.
Impucuko yase-Indus Valley yaziwa nangokusetshenziswa kwayo kakhulu ekubunjweni kwethusi nethusi ngemihlobiso, izikhali, amathuluzi kanye nezitsha. Kepha bekungekho ukuthuthuka okuningi kubuchwepheshe. Kusuka ku-vari
izinto kanye nezithombe ezitholwe kumasayithi e-Indus Valley, kubonakala sengathi bebejwayelene nazo zonke izindlela ezaziwayo zokuphonsa ezifana nesikhunta esivulekile, ucezu lwesikhunta kanye nenqubo yokudonswa kwentambo
Yize i-India ingadunyiswa ngokusungulwa kwensimbi ye-crucible, kwakungeyona insimbi enkulu eyasungulwa eNdiya. Kunobufakazi bokuthi ukusungulwa kwensimbi kwase kuqalile cishe nge-1000 BC eSyria nasePersia. Kuyavela
lobo buchwepheshe bokusansimbi eNdiya bebusetshenziswa kusukela ezikhathini zokuhlaselwa kuka-Alexander the Great, cishe ngonyaka wama-300 BC.
Insika yensimbi edumile njengamanje eseduze kwemayini yaseQutb eDelhi iyisibonelo samakhono we-metallurgical amaNdiya asendulo. Singamamitha ayi-7.2 ubude futhi senziwe ngensimbi engaxutshwe nalutho. Lokhu kuthathwa njengokwe-
isikhathi sikaChandragupta II (375-413 AD) sobukhosi bakwaGupta. Izinga lokugqwala kwale nsika, elime ngaphandle emoyeni ovulekile cishe alikho futhi nengxenye engcwatshiwe igqwala kancane kakhulu. Lokhu
kumele ngabe yaqalwa kuqala yabe seyikhandwa ngesando ekugcineni.
2. Izinzuzo Nemikhawulo
Inqubo yokusakaza isetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhiqizeni ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo eziningi. Izinto ezincibilikisiwe zingena kunoma iyiphi ingxenye encane esemgodini wesikhunta futhi ngenxa yalokho, noma yikuphi ukwakheka okuyinkimbinkimbi – kwangaphakathi
noma kwangaphandle – kungenziwa ngenqubo yokusakaza. Kungenzeka ukuthi wenze noma iyiphi into kungaba yensimbi noma engeyona eyensimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathuluzi adingekayo okudingekayo ekubunjweni kwesikhunta alula kakhulu futhi
engabizi. Ngenxa yalokhu, ukukhiqizwa kwesilingo noma ukukhiqizwa kwenqwaba encane, kuyindlela ekahle. Kungenzeka ngenqubo yokusakaza, ukubeka inani lezinto ezibonakalayo lapho kudingeka khona ngqo. Ngenxa yalokho
ukunciphisa isisindo ekuklanyeni kungatholakala. Ama-castings ngokuvamile apholiswa ngokufanayo kuwo wonke ama-sid ngakho-ke kulindeleke ukuthi angabi nazici zokuqondisa. Kunezinsimbi ezithile kanye nesabelo
engacutshungulwa kuphela ngokusakaza hhayi nganoma iyiphi enye inqubo efana nokwakhiwa ngenxa yezingqinamba zensimbi. Ukusakazwa kwanoma iluphi usayizi nesisindo, kungenziwa ngisho namathani angama-200.
Kodwa-ke, ukunemba kobukhulu kanye nokuqedwa kobuso okutholwe ngenqubo ejwayelekile yokuphonsa isihlabathi bekungeke kwanele ukufaka isicelo sokugcina ezimweni eziningi. Ukucabangela lawa macala, ama-castin athile akhethekile
izinqubo ezinjenge-diecasting zenziwe, imininingwane yayo inikezwa ezahlukweni ezizayo. Futhi, inqubo yokuphonsa isihlabathi isebenza kanzima ngezinga elithile ngakho-ke ukuthuthuka okuningi kuhloswe ngakho,
ezifana nokubunjwa komshini nokusetshenziswa kwemishini. Ngezinye izinto kuvame ukuba nzima ukususa amaphutha avela kumswakama okhona ekusakazweni kwesihlabathi
3. Imigomo Yokulingisa
Ezahlukweni ezilandelayo ukuhlukaniswa kokuphonsa isihlabathi, okumelela inqubo eyisisekelo yokusakaza bekuzobonakala. Ngaphambi kokungena emininingwaneni yenqubo, kuchazwa amagama amaningi wokuphosa amagama
efanelekile.
Flask - Ibhodlela lokubumba yilona eligcina isikhunta sesihlabathi siqinile. Ngokuya ngesikhundla seflask esakhiweni sesikhunta, kudluliswa ngamagama ahlukahlukene afana nokuhudula, ukubhekana nesihlathi. Wenziwe ngokhuni
yezicelo zesikhashana noma ngaphezulu kwensimbi ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside.
Hudula - Ibhodlela lokubumba eliphansi
I-Cope - Ibhokisi lokubumba eliphezulu
Isihlathi - Intambo yokubumba ephakathi nendawo esetshenziswe ekubunjweni kwezingcezu ezintathu.
Iphethini - Iphethini yinto efana nento yokugcina okufanele yenziwe ngokuguqulwa okuthile. Isikhumba sesikhunta senziwa ngosizo lwephethini.
Umugqa wokuhlukanisa - Lo ngumugqa ohlukanisayo phakathi kwamabhodlela amabili okubumba akha isikhunta sesihlabathi. Kwiphethini yokuhlukanisa futhi kungumugqa ohlukanisayo phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili zephethini
Ibhodi elingezansi - Leli ibhodi elejwayelekile elenziwe ngokhuni, elisetshenziswa ekuqaleni kokwenza isikhunta. Iphethini igcinwa kuqala ebhodini elingezansi, isihlabathi sifafazwa kuso bese kuthi i-ramming yenziwe ekudonseni
Ukubhekana nesihlabathi - Inani elincane lezinto ezi-carbonaceous ezifafazwe ebusweni bangaphakathi bomgogodla wokubumba ukunikeza ukuqeda okungcono kokuphosa
Isikhunta sokubumba - Yinto esanda kulungiswa ekhombisa ukuthi isetshenziselwe ukwenza umgodi wesikhunta. Kuyingxube yobumba lwe-silica nomswakama ngezilinganiso ezifanele ukuthola imiphumela oyifunayo futhi kuzungeze i-
iphethini ngenkathi wenza isikhunta.
Isihlabathi esisekelayo - Yikho okwakha iningi lezinto zokuphikisa ezitholakala ekubunjweni. Lokhu kwenziwa ngesihlabathi esisetshenzisiwe nesishisiwe.
I-Core - Isetshenziselwa ukwenza izimbotshana eziyize ekubunjweni.
Ukuthela umcengezi - Isikhala esincane esimise okwefaneli ngenhla kwesikhunta okuthululelwa kuso insimbi encibilikisiwe.
I-Spure - Indawo lapho insimbi encibilikisiwe evela kubheshi ethululelwayo ifinyelela emgodini wesikhunta. Ezimweni eziningi ilawula ukuhamba kwensimbi kwisikhunta.
Umgijimi - Imigwaqo endizeni yokuhlukanisa lapho kulawulwa khona ukugeleza kwensimbi encibilikile ngaphambi kokuba ifinyelele embotsheni yesikhunta.
Isango - Indawo yangempela yokungena lapho insimbi encibilikisiwe ingena emgodini wesikhunta.
IChaplet - AmaChaplets asetshenziselwa ukuxhasa ama-cores ngaphakathi komgodi wesikhunta ukunakekela isisindo sawo futhi anqobe amandla e-metallostatic.
Ukubanda - Ukugodola yizinto zensimbi, ezibekwa kusikhunta ukuze kukhuliswe izinga lokupholisa lokusakazwa ukuze kuhlinzeke isilinganiso sokuphola esifanayo noma esifunekayo.
Riser - Kuyinqolobane yensimbi encibilikisiwe enikezwe ekubunjweni ukuze insimbi eshisayo ikwazi ukubuyela emgodini wesikhunta lapho kuncipha ivolumu yensimbi ngenxa yokuqina
4. Inqubo Yesikhunta Sesihlabathi
Inqubo yokwenza isikhunta esijwayelekile sesihlabathi ichazwe ezinyathelweni ezilandelayo
Okokuqala, ibhodi elingezansi libekwa endaweni yesikhulumi sokubumba noma phansi, lenze ukuba indawo ilingane. Iflasking molding flask igcinwa ibheke phansi ebhodini elingezansi kanye nengxenye yokudonsa ye-
iphethini maphakathi nebhodlela ebhodini. Kufanele kube nokuvuleka okwanele phakathi kwephethini nezindonga zebhokisi okufanele kube ngo-50 kuya ku-100 mm. Isihlabathi esibheke esomile sifafazwa ngaphezulu
ibhodi nephethini yokunikeza isendlalelo esinganqobi. Isihlabathi sokubumba esisanda kulungiswa sekhwalithi edingekayo manje sesithelwa ekuhuduleni nasephethini kuya kusayizi ka-30 kuye ku-50 mm. Enye iflask yokuhudula is
igcwaliswe ngokuphelele ngesihlabathi sokulondoloza futhi ifane ne-rammed ukuhlanganisa isihlabathi. Ukuxakaniseka kwesihlabathi kufanele kwenziwe ngendlela efanele ukuze kungacindezelwa kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukuphunyuka kwamagesi,
futhi ivulekile kakhulu, ukuze isikhunta singabi namandla anele. Ngemuva kokuthi i-ramming isiphelile, isihlabathi esingeqile ebhodleleni siqedwa ngokuphelele kusetshenziswa ibha eyisicaba siye ezingeni lamaphethelo webhokisi.
Manje, ngocingo lwentambo, oluyintambo enobubanzi obungu-1-2-mm obunomphetho okhombe, izimbobo zomoya zenziwa ngokuhudula ziye ekujuleni okugcwele kwebhokisi kanye nephethini yokwenza lula ukususwa kwamagesi ngesikhathi sokusakaza
ukuqinisa. Lokhu kuqedela ukulungiswa kokuhudula.
Iflask yokuhudula eqediwe manje isigoqelwe ebhodini elingezansi iveze iphethini njengoba kukhonjisiwe esithombeni. Kusetshenziswa okushelelayo, imiphetho yesihlabathi ezungeze iphethini iyalungiswa bese uhhafu wephethini ubekwa ngaphezulu
iphethini yokuhudula, uyiqondanise ngosizo lwezikhonkwane zethoshi. Iflask yokubhekana ngaphezulu kokuhudula itholakala ngokuqondana futhi ngosizo lwezikhonkwane. Inhlabathi eyomile yokuhlukanisa ifafazwa kuyo yonke indawo yokudonsa nephethini
Iphini le-sprue lokwenza i-sprue passage itholakala ebangeni elincane elingaba ngu-50 mm ukusuka kuphethini. Futhi, iphini le-ariser uma lidingeka ligcinwa endaweni efanele nesihlabathi sokubumba esisanda kulungiswa esifana naleso
lokuhudula kanye nesihlabathi esisekelayo kuyafafazwa. Isihlabathi sigxishwe kahle, isihlabathi esinqunyiwe siyasuswa futhi izimbobo zokukhipha umoya zenziwe yonke indawo ekubhekaneni nayo njengokuhudula.
Iphini le-sprue ne-e riser pin likhishwa ngokucophelela kuflask. Kamuva, umcengezi othululwayo usikwa eduze kwaphezulu kwesithombo. Ukubhekana nakho kuhlukaniswe nokudonsa kanye nanoma yisiphi isihlabathi esivulekile ku-interface yokubhekana nokuhudula
lokudonsa kushaywa ngosizo lwezibhamu. Manje, izingqinamba zokubhekana nezimo kanye namaphethini wokuhudula ahoxisiwe ngokusebenzisa izipikili zokudweba bese udwengula iphethini nxazonke ukukhulisa imbobo yesikhunta ukuze
isikhunta izindonga kungukuthi konakaliswa iphethini ukuhoxiswa. Abagijimi namasango banqunywa ekubunjweni ngokucophelela ngaphandle kokulimaza isikhunta. Noma yimuphi umhlabathi owedlulele noma ovulekile otholakala kubagijimi nasogwini lwesikhunta ushaywa
kude usebenzisa izifutho. Manje, isihlabathi esibheke ngohlobo lokunamathisela sisetshenziswa kuyo yonke indawo yokubumbela nabagijimi, okunganikeza isiphetho sokuphosa indawo enhle.
Umgogodla wesihlabathi owomile ulungiswa kusetshenziswa ibhokisi eliwumgogodla. Ngemuva kokubhaka okufanelekile, kufakwa emgodini wesikhunta njengoba kukhonjisiwe esithombeni. Ukubhekana nakho kufakwa esikhundleni sokuhudula okunakekela ukuqondaniswa kwalaba ababili ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-
izikhonkwane. Kugcinwa isisindo esifanelekile ekubhekaneni nakho ukunakekela amandla aphezulu we-metallostatic ngesikhathi kuthululwa insimbi encibilikisiwe. Isikhunta manje, njengoba kukhonjisiwe esithombeni sikulungele ukuthululwa.
Isikhathi Iposi: Dec-25-2020